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¶;gk¡ ij phy ugha igq¡p ldrhA¸ cks/jkt us cksyk vkSj b/j&m/j ns•us yxk FkkA
FkksM+h nsj esa ?kksalys esa cSBs eSuk osQ cPps pqi gks x,A cks/jkt cDls ij p<+dj eSuk osQ ?kksalys esa >k¡dus
yxkA eSaus lkspk] vHkh gkFk c<+kdj nksuksa cPpksa dks ,d lkFk mBk ysxk] tSlk og vdlj fd;k djrk Fkk]
fiQj Hkys gh mUgsa tsc esa Mkydj ?kwerk fiQjsA exj mlus ,slk oqQN ugha fd;kA og nsj rd ?kksalys osQ vanj
>k¡drk jgk vkSj fiQj cksyk ¶FkksM+k ikuh ykvks] bUgsa I;kl yxh gSA budh pksap esa cw¡n&cw¡n ikuh MkysaxsA¸
eSa ckgj x;k vkSj ,d dVksjh esa FkksM+k&lk ikuh ys vk;kA nksuksa uUgsa&uUgsa cPps pksap Åij mBk, gk¡iQ jgs FksA
cks/jkt us mudh pksap esa cw¡n&cw¡n ikuh Mkyk vkSj cPpksa dks Nwus ls eq>s euk dj fn;k] u gh Lo;a mUgsa NqvkA
¶bu cPpksa osQ ek¡&cki ;gk¡ oSQls igq¡psxs\¸ eSaus iwNkA
¶os bl >jks•s esa ls vk tk,¡xsA os vius vki bUgsa <w¡<+ fudkysaxsA¸
ge nsj rd xSjkt esa cSBs jgsA cks/jkt nsj rd ealwcs cukrk jgk fd og oSQls jks'kunku dks can dj nsxk] rkfd
phy dHkh xksnke osQ vanj u vk losQA ml 'kke og phy dh gh ckrsa djrk jgkA nwljs fnu tc cks/jkt esjs
?kj vk;k rks u rks mlosQ gkFk esa xqysy Fkh vkSj u tsc esa oaQdM+] cfYd tsc esa cgqr&lk pqXxk Hkjdj yk;k Fkk
vkSj ge nksuksa nsj rd eSuk osQ cPpksa dks pqXxk Mkyrs vkSj muosQ djrc ns•rs jgs FksA µHkh"e lkguh
thou ifjp;
Hkh"e lkguh dk tUe 8 vxLr] 1915 dks jkoyfiaMh esa gqvk FkkA muosQ firk dk uke gjcal yky
lkguh rFkk mudh ekrk dk uke y{eh nsoh FkkA muosQ firk vius le; osQ izfln~/ lektlsoh FksA
Hkh"e lkguh ,d fganh ys[kd] vfHkusrk] f'k{kd] vuqoknd vkSj cgqHkk"kh FksA mUgsa fganh lkfgR; esa eqa'kh
izsepan dh ijaijk osQ vxz.kh ys[kd ekuk tkrk gSA
+
Hkh"e lkguh dh dbZ izfln~/ jpuk,¡ gS] ftlesa ls muosQ miU;kl ^rel* ij o"kZ 1986 esa ,d fIkQYe dk
fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k x;k FkkA 1998 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us bUgsa ^in~e Hkw"k.k* ls uoktkA Hkh"e lkguh dk fu/u 11 tqykbZ]
2003 dks fnYyh] Hkkjr esa gqvkA
'kCnkFkZ
'kCnkFkZ
tkfye µ funZ;h] cjsZ µ ,d rjg dk mM+us okyk fo"kSyk ihys ;k yky jax dk dhM+k tks Mad ekjrk gSA] {k.k µ le;] iy]
vpwd µ fu'kkuk tks u pwosQ] pSu µ vkjke] jk{kl µ vlqj dh rjg deZ djus okyk] ckfy'r µ iSQyh gqbZ gFksyh dh uki]
rjDdh µ mUufr] lha[kps µ yksgs ;k bLikr dh yach&eksVh NM+] fu'ps"V µ vpy] >jks[kk µ jks'kunku] gk¡iQ µ gk¡iQuk]
ealwcs µ bjkns] pqXxk µ fpfM+;ksa dk nkuk] djrc µ dkS'ky
Jqrys[k
Jqrys[k @ mPpkj.k @ mPpkj.k
fpYykuk >saidj iQM+iQM+kuk fFkxfy;k¡ 'kgrhj fu'ps"V iqQjZjZjZ VdVdh tkfye ckfy'r
vH;kl
vH;kl
ikB ls
ikB ls
e
ekSf[kdkSf[kd C
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj ekSf[kd :i esa nhft,µ
1- vfr y?kq mRrjh; iz'u (Very Short Answer Questions)
(d) ekLVj th n~okjk fiVkbZ djus ij gjcal D;k djus yxrk Fkk\
([k) gjcal oSQlk yM+dk Fkk\
(x) cks/jkt dh ek¡ mls D;k cqykrh Fkh\
(?k) xksnke esa fdl i{kh dk ?kksalyk Fkk\
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